Looks like the voltage reading is low from the usb charger.
After charged at night, multimeter shows 12.3V, while USB charger shows 12.1V on same trunk ignitor socket. While on the trunk battery, multimeter shows 12.38V. Once precondition starts, it gets to 13.8V read on usb charger on the socket. So looks pretty normal. Precondition starts hybrid charging, and trunk battery also gets charged.
With any instrumentation (including the voltmeter in your USB charger and multimeter), readings may have some level of inaccuracies. When I keep track of readings for a certain instrumentation (e.g. voltage, vacuum/boost pressure, oil temperature, etc.), be it one that is provided by the vehicle's original instrumentation or an add-on instrumentation, the key is to track whether the reading is unusual relative to an established baseline.
Looks like almost all voltmeter involves running a low amount of current into the meter's circuit (as one do not want to incur an excessive current draw just to take a reading), which involves having a large impedance ( think of it as large resistance ). Unit to unit, there can be variations in the actual impedance, which will affect the reading. Most lab-grade instrumentation may have a smaller error tolerance specifications, and may require periodic calibration.
For your case, perhaps getting an OBD2 scanner that sends data to a handheld for real-time monitoring would work? (for example, OBD2 to bluetooth, then an App on the phone taking in data from the bluetooth transmission), maybe like this one (note: i have no personal experience using this):
https://www.amazon.com/Foseal-Scanner-Adapter-Diagnostic-Android/dp/B00W0SDLRY