On some Volvo wheels, unlike yours, there's a machined pattern on a bare metal section that's covered by clear coat. If the wheel was refinished, they probably didn't match the machining and polished the bare metal. Or the texture of the clear coat might be obvious. In that case one can compare the wheels with another Volvo with the same wheel pattern to see if there's some difference that's visible when you look closely at all four of your wheels and the other car's wheels.
Anyway, you might look at the edge of each rim to see if there's some visual discontinuity. That might happen if the wheel was curbed and the edge of the rim was touched up with color and then the whole wheel or a portion was resprayed with clear coat. If the entire wheel was repainted, you might be able to see some evidence by comparing the color and surface texture to that of a new wheel. A resprayed clear coat can have a foggy or mottled appearance. And there's usually a change in the clear coat texture as soon as you look at the inner surface of the rim behind the spokes (it's usually more of a flat finish than a glossy finish).
But when I looked at the pictures again, it seems that the clear coat is peeling most frequently where the spoke meets the rim, where it's hardest to keep the wheel clean of brake dust. I think that might suggest either a repaint or use of some caustic cleaner and abrasive scrubbing.